Planimetric map: a map that is two-dimensional leaving out any information of the position of an point on the third dimensional plain. So that a point located at 3000’ would appear on the same plain (or plane) and a point at -30’.
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Monday, March 30, 2009
Star Plots
A star plot is a graphical data analysis method used for examining the relative behavior of all variables in a multivariate data set. Here is a star plot of crime rates in the United States.
Correlation Matrix
A correlation matrix lists the variable names down the first column and across the first row. In every correlation matrix there are two triangles that are the values below and to the left of the diagonal and above and to the right of the diagonal. The diagonal of a correlation matrix always consists of ones. A correlation matrix is always a symmetric matrix.
Similarity Matrix
A matrix of scores which show the similarities between two data points. They are genearlly used in sequence alignment. The higher the score the more similar charachters it receives.
Stem & Leaf Plot
Box Plot
Box Plot: Also Known As "box and whiskers plot", grafs the combined minimum and maximum values (the range) A horizontal line, drawn according to scale, from the minimum to the maximum data value, and a box drawn from the lower to upper quartile with a vertical line marking the median.
Histogram
Graphical display of tabulated frequencies showing what proportion of cases fall into each of several categories. A histogram differs from the bar chart in that it is the area of the bar that dictates the value, not the height, which is a very important difference particularly when the variables are not all the same width.
Parallel Coordinate Graph
Parallel Coordinate graphs is a data visualization technique used in analyzing large sets of multivariate data. Each variable in the data plot is represented as its own Y Axis on the graph. A maximum point for each Y axis is selected, and they are scaled relatively to each other so that each variable takes up the same area in the graph space. Each line drawn represents a single observation as it relates to each variable. Lines are drawn across each variable for each observation.
The Parallel Coordiate graph above illustrates correlations in gene expression data for different species of drosophilia (fly genes).
Triangular Plot
A triangular plot displays information in a shape of a triangle. The one above depicts the election votes.
Compass Rose
Windrose:Originally the compass rose was known as a wind rose and was used to indicate the directions of the winds. The 32 points of the compass rose come from the directions of the eight major winds, the eight half-winds and the sixteen quarter-winds.
Lacking a singluar standard for drawing a compass rose each school of cartographers developed their own.
The colors used have been traced back to the need to enhance clarity since these were being used by men at night in conditions ranging from calm to chaotic lit only by a lamp. Black was used to denote the eight principle points of the compass. Blue or green to indicate the half-winds and red for the quarter-wind points which are the smallest.
Climograph
A climograph is a graphic depiction of the average monthly precipitation and the average monthly temperature for a selected place. Precipitation is shown by the bar graph. A line graph depicts temperature.
Population Profile
A chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages, Hypernyms is a type of Population profile (often in graphical form) analysis represents the extent to which something exhibits different characteristics.
Scatterplot
Scatterplot using Cartesian coordinates to displays values for two variables from a given set of data. Displayed data is a collection of points each having the value of a variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the other variable
Index Value Plot
An index is defined as a statistical indicator/number derived from a formula, which is used to characterize a set of data.
An index value plot is a type of visualization map that is plotted on a line graph.
Accumulative Line Graph or Lorenz Curve
Developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing income distribution, Accumulative line graph or Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution.
Bilateral Graph
A form of visualization map where Two related variables are identified as well as their overlaps.
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Nominal Area Choropleth Map
Having no order to the classification and no data regarding the population or size of the ethnic group, nominal area choropleth maps are used to display categorical data i.e. ethnicity, political party.
Unstandardized Choropleth Maps
Unstandardized choropleth maps are unordered maps; there is no specific ranking assigned to the class - one category is not higher or lower than the other.
Standardized Choropleth Maps
Standardized Choropleth Maps have data that is standardized to better allow comparison of distribution among different areas.
Univariate Choropleth Maps
A univariate choropleth map displays only one set of data on a map, the data is displayed by using different shades of color coding.
Bivariate Choropleth Maps
Bivariate Choropleth Maps:
mapping technique in cartography. Given a set of geographic features, it maps two variables on a single map by combining two different sets of graphic symbols
Unclassed Choropleth Maps
This technique assigns shadings proportional to the data values so that these choropleth maps do not have to classify the data. This method of mapping has not been generally accepted because they feel they lose the ability to direct the message of communication
Classed Choropleth Maps
A classed choropleth map the main objective is to determine height and shading or color intensity of the bar for each map classed. This would involve creating a classed frequency legend including a frequency histogram, a frequency curve, and shading.
Range Graded Proportional Circle Map
The cartographer selects a symbol form, and varies its size from place to place, in proportion to the quantities the symbol represents. The map reader forms a picture of the quantitative distribution by examining the pattern of the different sized symbols.
"River characteristics. The area of the circle is proportional to the channel width. The color of the large circle approximates the color of the water (gray indicates no color was mentioned in the journals). Descriptions of the bed material are determined by the position of the solid black circle within the black triangle. The example in the upper right indicates a width of 500 yards, a yellow water color, and bed material that is mostly sand with some gravel and some mud."
Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map
A continuously variable proportional circle map utilizes circles to create point data. This relates the scales to the specific data. The circles are in proportion to the variable being measured.
DOQ
"A Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle (DOQ) is a computer-generated image of an aerial photograph in which the image displacement caused by terrain relief and camera tilt has been removed. The DOQ combines the image characteristics of the original photograph with the georeferenced qualities of a map.
DOQs are black and white (B/W), natural color, or color-infrared (CIR) images with 1-meter ground resolution."
Three Types of DOQs:
3.75-minute (quarter-quad) DOQs
7.5-minute (full-quad) DOQs
Seamless DOQs
DEM
digital elevation model
A digital map of the elevation of an area on the earth. The data are either collected by a private party or purchased from an organization such as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) that has already undertaken the exploration of the area. Digital elevation models are gray scale images wherein the pixel values are actually elevation numbers. The pixels are also coordinated to world space (longitude and latitude), and each pixel represents some variable amount of that space (foot, meter, mile, etc.) depending on the purpose of the model and land area involved.
DLG
Digital Line Graph
Digital vector representations of cartographic information derived from USGS maps and related sources. Two types are;
Large-Scale (7.5-minute) DLGs
Intermediate-Scale (1:100,000-scale) DLGs
DRG
digital raster graphics:
scanned image of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) standard series topographic map, including all map collar information. "Neatline" is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator projection. The map is scanned at a minimum resolution of 250 dots per inch.
Isopleths
An isopleth is a line or curve of equal values. They include Isobar, Isohypse, Isotherm, Isallobar / Height change contours and others.
Isopach
A line drawn on a map through points of equal true thickness of a
designated stratigraphic unit or group of stratigraphic units; used in geological exploration for oil and for underground structural analysis.
Isohyets
Used to assess flooding potential, soil moisture, mesoscale wet/dry boundaries, and rainfall coverage as well as intensity. Contour of constant rainfall.
Isotachs
Isotachs: Lines of equal wind speed most often contoured in the upper levels of the atmosphere, especially at the jet stream level. They used to locate the jet stream and jet streaks within a jet stream.
Isobars
Lines of constant pressure they are found ONLY on surface charts. They most commonly connect lines of equal pressure in the units of millibars. High pressure isobars generally occurs with isobars above 1010 mb while low pressure isobars occur with lower than 1010 millibars. Isobars the close proximity represent speed the closer the faster the wind. Isobars that are "pack together" represent an increase in the pressure gradient force and thus stronger winds.
LIDAR
Light Detection and Ranging is an optical remote sensing technologay that measures different properties of dispersed light to find range or other information of a distant target. The difference between lidar and radar is that lidar uses shorter wavelenths of the electromagnetic spectrum, generally close to infrared.
Here is a LIDAR image of lower manhattan.
http://lidar.cr.usgs.gov/
Doppler Radar
Doppler Radar is a form of remote sensing, using radar. It uses the apparent shift in frequency of radio waves to perceive air motion and predict tornadoes and precipitation sooner than previous radars, it is also used to measure the speed and direction of rain and ice.
Black & White Aerial Photo
"picture" of an area on the Earth's surface (plus clouds, often). It can be either on print or on transparency. A film camera is set up on a free-flying platform (airplane, helicopter or balloon). It shoots the picture some of which are from a preplanned distance above the surface. Two types depend on the angle of view relative to the surface. The first, oblique photography, snaps images from an angle, low to high relative to vertical.
Infrared Aerial Photo
Color-infrared aerial photo was used in WWII for detecting camouflage
Infrared film and infrared digital sensors are sensitive to a certain portion of the spectrum of light.
By sensing certain portion of the spectrum of light careful filtrating then processing on special films,the colors of the film will give valuable hidden information.
Cartographic Animations
Cartographic animation is graphic arts that occur in time. It is satellite imagery imagery that can be set into motion. The motion is caused by photos taken during certain time periods.
Statistical Maps
A statistical maps of the Internet produced through the 1990s by John S. Quarterman
The statistics shown on the map are expressed as rates, ratios, percentages, or other statistical measures.Statistical maps are used to display the distribution of a certain variable over a geographic area.
Cartograms
Cartograms - representations or maps of regions that are weighted or highlighted according to the sort of data you’re interested in studying.
Flow Maps
Commonly used to depicting migrations. Cartographers use flow maps to show the movement of objects from one location to another. They are easier to read many times because of the merge edges. The map shows European telecommunications traffic flows in 1995.
Isoline Maps
Isoline maps show easily recognizable patterns, usually they are constructed from scattered observations that are difficult to interpret. The mapmaker (or the computer) must convert these isolated observations into a complete isoline map by interpolating between observed values and then connecting points of equal value.
Proportional Circle Maps
Proportional circle maps display data in relation to the size of the circles.
The image on the right is a proportional circle map.
Choropleth Maps
thematic maps based on predefined aerial units. Some maps show many types of data while thematic maps are made to show only one specific set of data. Because each group of data is organized as a ratio value a graded color series is used to show least intensity to most intense (shown using a light to dark color pattern).
Dot Distribution Maps
dot-distribution maps display quantitative data as a dot,representing a number of the factors found within an area. The dot distribution pattern reflects the general locations where the factor was most likely to occur. The pattern and number of dots within the area reveal the density of the phenomenon. Two types of dot-distribution maps are: first the traditional dot map showing the distribution of a phenomenon, traditional dot map symbolizes data with blue dots, second type is an increase/decrease dot map showing increasing (positive) and decreasing (negative) data values as they related to the last agricultural census. The increase/decrease dot map symbolizes data using blue dots for positive data values and red dots for negative data values.
Propaganda Maps
Propaganda Maps are used to persuade people to think one way or another. They are well known for their use in WWII and WWI.
PLSS Maps
PLSS maps: Public Land Survey System
maps used to divide up public lands which are owned by the Federal Government. These are created to help the citizens of the United States.
Cadastral Maps
Cadastral maps: a map showing the boundaries of the subdivisions of land used in recording ownership, taxation, zoning, property development and public works. Although there are a number of basic components common to most systems, no two cadastral mapping systems are the same.
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